Common ion exchange system problems Got a Problem with your 2005 Saturn ION? Our list of 10 known problems, issues, recalls, and complaints reported by owners can help you fix your 2005 Saturn ION. Poor peak shapes are generally a sign of secondary (non-ion exchange) interactions with components within the system, stationary phase, suppressor membranes, or adsorbed contaminants (such as metal ions). For example, in precipitation reactions, it is used to selectively precipitate ions in qualitative analysis. Common issues discussed include the importance of sight glasses, valve position indicators, sampling points, water quality analysis, and ensuring proper regeneration. Q16: Is the ion exchange process expensive? A16: The cost of an ion exchange system can vary depending on factors such as system size, resin type, and installation requirements. However, this solution comes with a range of limitations and problems that can make it costly and difficult to manage. Jun 1, 2004 · Some of the common problems faced by formulators and how using ion exchange resins may be able to solve them are discussed. The system is moving slightly along the curve, until for each of salts the rates of dissolving and precipitating are equal. Assuming the water has the composition listed below, calculate the maximum volume that can be treated per volume of anion exchange resin (e g liter water/liter resin) The anion resin has a capacity of 1. . Mar 23, 2011 · Water with an NTU reading below 0. Electrostatic forces underpin the separation mechanism of ion-exchange chromatography and to participate in the separation process, samples must be ions or neutral compounds easily ionized by manipulating the sample or mobile phase pH. Fouled Ion Exchange Resins This Application Guide presents procedures for cleaning fouled or contaminated ion exchange resins for improved system performance. The success of ion exchange process depends literally on understanding of its basic principles and Nov 1, 2010 · This paper discusses the methodology used to determine the optimal ion-exchange column size to process all separate batches of feeds from acid mine drainage wastewater. 8 mm having a large number of attached bonds on their surface which can absorb (reversibly) one specific type of ions. 3-1. Which protein present in the highest concentration in the mixture? A hydrated ion is one kind of a complex ion (or, simply, complex), a species formed between a central metal ion and one or more surrounding ligands, molecules or ions that contain at least one lone pair of electrons, such as the [Al(H 2 O) 6] 3+ ion. Jan 17, 2025 · We have essentially just described the common-ion effect in general terms. W. See full list on watertechnologies. 5 ION EXCHANGE PROCESS. I was trying to find out the pH of a 0. The document discusses monitoring, operation, and control of ion exchange plants. Co-flow regeneration (CFR) This regeneration technique has been used used at the beginning of ion exchange: the solution to treat flows from the top to the bottom of the column, and the regenerant uses the same path. The Exchange Process Initial Contact: Contaminated water passes through a bed of ion exchange resin. Contaminants removed by the water softening (ion exchange) process. Dec 23, 2022 · Ion exchange filters are also used in industrial applications where they are effective at removing heavy metals and other contaminants. 05M H2SO4 solution and used the Common Ion Effect to shift the reaction towards the reactants, getting a pH of 1. Jan 11, 2024 · What are Ion Exchange Water Softeners? Ion exchange water softeners are ingenious devices that tackle the widespread problem of hard water. A) Carefully, follow the steps outlined in the manual for proper preparation of ion exchange column. Their axis of this graph shows standard Ion Exchange Chromatography nomenclature. Jan 1, 2024 · The charges that are bound to the resin phase are called fixed charges and provide a reference point for naming the other ions participating in the ion-exchange system [2], [38]. Feb 1, 2006 · Impurities enter the stream through vacuum-induced leaks, corrosion of metal surfaces within the system, and careless repair work. Sapkal2 2and R Introduction to Ion Exchange Processes Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef and Zaini Ujang Abstract Ion exchange technology remains the workhorse of various chemical, petrochemical, food, power, and pharmaceutical industries. A water softener is easy to operate and maintain. ADVANTAGES • Ion exchange process, like reverse osmosis, can R. The aluminum silicates present in the soil gave it exchange characteristics. The resin itself is composed May 15, 2017 · TROUBLESHOOTING ION EXCHANGE PROBLEMS. They are used to treat contaminated groundwater, effectively removing pollutants and restoring water quality. If several salts are present in a system, they all ionize in the solution. 3. In the following overview, you will find the most common problems for the Peugeot iON, for which Peugeot has announced a recall through the EU Rapex system. Sapkal: Ion exchange system design for removal of heavy metals from acid mine drainage wastewater 300 For the current treatment, design of the Ion Exchange Treatment Plant (IETP), the removal of heavy metal-copper acid mine drainage waste (AMD) is achieved by the ion exchange technology based on Indion iv) ion exchange. Column efficiency, a measure of how well the column can separate different components, directly impacts the resolution of the analysis. Some ions were more readily exchanged than others. This charge-based selectivity, like the size-based selectivity of classic semipermeable membranes, leads to an uneven distribution of permeating ions on the two sides of the membrane, which Oct 7, 2024 · Get it if you’re looking for a salt-based ion exchange system to eliminate of hard water. Cation Exchange Units Effective Against: positively charged ions inorganic minerals, such as iron and manganese ions hard water minerals (calcium and magnesium) Not Effective Against: negatively charged ions such as nitrate organic compounds concentrations of ferric iron (solid, colored form of iron) Anion Exchange Units Effective Against: negatively charged ions such as nitrates bicarbonate It is the same with a common ion exchange system. flushed through the system, which replaces all calcium and magnesium in the system with sodium. The resin in our equipment is filled in the column and it is regenerated after using. This knowledge will empower you to make informed decisions about maintenance tasks and troubleshoot any issues that may arise. To remove less common and more undetectable contaminants like uranium, nitrates and sulfates, your water softening system can use positively charged resin beads as opposed to the negatively charged beads mentioned above. Common problems with the Peugeot iON. A complex ion forms from a metal ion and a ligand because of a Lewis acid–base interaction. Loss of Thruput Capacity How Much Does an Ion Exchange System Cost? What Are the Best Ion Exchange Equipment Supply and Technology Companies? Ion Exchange vs. 3 x 103 Simplified Ion Exchange Theory Ion exchange resins are plastic beads that take ions out of water and put other ions back in. Gaikwad, V. The phenomenon is an application of Le-Chatelier’s principle for equilibrium Sep 30, 2016 · In most practical examples, the common ion exchange system is cheaper, despite a higher active species molecular weight or cost. Common problems are as follows (let's take D301 as an example). Exchange: Target ions are captured while preferred ions are released. These are also called single bed ion-exchange unit. Redwood City, California, (IJ. ) ABSTRACT A variety of organic substances in a water supply can prevent optimum operation of a deionizer. 3 to 1 or 2 NTU, there are minimal problems, probably not sufficient to justify pretreatment. Here's a breakdown of the key components and these problems could be corrected relatively easily, and the system performance could return to equal or better than its original specifications ION EXCHANGE DEMINERALIZER The ion exchange system consists of three demineralizer trains (Train A, B and C), each consisting of a cation unit, an anion unit, automatic valves, instruments, and controls. 2 Ion Exchange Resin Modern ion exchange resins are macro-molecular porous plastic materials formed into beads with diameter in the range of 0. It covers key performance monitoring parameters, troubleshooting techniques, and identifying early warning signs during plant operation. exchange devices where the term cation refers to positively charged ions dissolved in water. So here’s a rundown of the most popular ones: Salt systems: This is the most common type of ion exchange system which replaces calcium and magnesium ions with sodium or potassium ions. Whether it is an ion exchange system or another filtration device, the key to finding the right system is correctly identifying the problem. Choosing the Right Ion Exchange System. Chem-Aqua manufactures an extensive line of ion exchange systems ranging from 10” to 48” in diameter depending upon the model. Common pretreatment methods include filtration, coagulation, ion exchange, chemical precipitation, and deaeration to remove suspended solids, dissolved gases, and minerals. The most common methods of on-site recovery from the fixer and bleach-fix processing solutions involve metallic replacement, electrolytic recovery and chemical precipitation. Dec 15, 2020 · If the system is at the cross-saturation curve, and there is excess of one solid salt, then due dynamic nature of processes, this salt dissolves and the other precipitates. In fact, IX systems deliver several advantages over chemical treatment, as they generally require less space, less labor, no sludge disposal, An ion exchange water softener offers an effective solution, leveraging the principles of ion exchange chemistry to mitigate the problems associated with hard water. Abrams Duolite International, Inc. common ion exchange system problems As in any dynamic operating system incorporating electrical and mechanical equipment and chemical operations, problems do occur in ion exchange systems. A. Water softener systems consist of two tanks: a resin tank and a brine tank. Properly sizing an ion exchange system is essential to its effectiveness and efficiency. track down the cause of Ion exchange plant problems: The diagrams cover: CATION – ANION – MIXED BED PLANT (With or without an intermediate degasser between cation/anion) However, to use these guides you need to have an understanding of how the plant should perform at each stage, and how ion exchange resins work and what is the sequencing How Much Does an Ion Exchange System Cost? What Are the Best Ion Exchange Equipment Supply and Technology Companies? Ion Exchange vs. Sep 4, 2015 · Ion exchange resins can be used to solve common formulation problems by forming drug-resin complexes called resinates. Ion exchange is usually the best choice for small systems that need to remove radionuclides. The common ion effect has various applications. News All News Top News Industry News Bio/Pharma News Supplier News News from Europe Jan 8, 2024 · Water softener system type: Features: Average cost range: Ion exchange system (salt-based) Uses salt to replace hard water ions with sodium ions: $400 to $3,000: Reverse osmosis system: Filters chemicals, toxins, and minerals from your water: $1,000 to $11,000: Single point-of-use reverse osmosis system: Can be installed at the kitchen sink Jan 30, 2024 · Sulphuric acid dissociates completely (H2SO4 -> HSO4⁻ + H⁺). With more than 250 years of combined experience at Skillings & Sons, we have seen a wide variety of water quality problems in the homes we service throughout New England. It also covers design considerations for Sep 6, 2014 · Apart from encouraging their water suppliers to do their best and invest in the needed improvements, consumers have the option to add POU or POE treatment as barriers to some of those potential problems. 29. 33 mol}$ ). The most frequent problems are caused by humates and fulvates. A core component of any chromatographic system is the column – the heart of the separation process. It involves passing contaminated water through an ion exchange resin so that contaminants exchange on sites on the media, exhausting its capacity. 2. • Acta Montanistica Slovaca Ročník 15(2010), číslo 4, 298-304 298 Ion exchange system design for removal of heavy metals from acid mine drainage wastewater R. Resins used in these exchangers were sorbents attached with cationic functional groups, which, under the process conditions, will bind cations with a valency of ≥2 (Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Cu, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Co, Mo This resin consists of small polymer spheres of 0. Water analysis for ion exchange. purolite. Imagine the following picture is a common ion exchange chromatography where a mixture of 4 proteins are eluted. Oct 15, 2011 · Thermal power plants require ultra pure water known as boiler feedwater that is pretreated to remove impurities which can cause scaling, corrosion, and other problems. For example, at $25$ °C, $\pu{1000 mL}$ water can dissolve $\ce{370 g NaCl (6. This is similar to the common ion effect found in buffers as adding a common cation or anion shifts the solubility equilibrium in the direction predicted by Le Chatelier’s principle. Nevertheless, problems can and do occur. More importantly, the resin in the entire system is divided into more units for more detailed operation. Common IX problems include: In this article, we generally discuss a list of some “common problems with ion exchange resins and how to avoid them,” ensuring your facility can keep one step ahead and remain as productive as possible. track down the cause of Ion exchange plant problems: The diagrams cover: CATION – ANION – MIXED BED PLANT (With or without an intermediate degasser between cation/anion) However, to use these guides you need to have an understanding of how the plant should perform at each stage, and how ion exchange resins work and what is the sequencing common ion exchange system problems As in any dynamic operating system incorporating electrical and mechanical equipment and chemical operations, problems do occur in ion exchange systems. The ions in hard minerals (calcium and magnesium) are exchanged with ions of “soft” minerals such as sodium, which do not produce the hard scale that can damage foodservice equipment. This NebGuide focuses on the ion exchange softening process which remains the most commonly used technique for managing hard water in residential settings. 23. This cost analysis does not consider other advantages of ionic modification that can further decrease cost, such as increased redox potential (higher U ) [8] , [43] . By understanding how they work, their benefits and limitations, and answering common queries, homeowners can make informed decisions regarding water treatment in their homes. It discusses various water treatment processes like softening, dealkalization, demineralization, mixed beds, and nitrate removal. Ion Exchange. In fact, IX systems deliver several advantages over chemical treatment, as they generally require less space, less labor, no sludge disposal, COMMON ION EXCHANGE SYSTEM PROBLEMS What are they? How do you fix them? Ion exchange (IX) systems can be an efficient solution for various demineralization, purification, and wastewater treatment needs. First three processes have taken the advantage of difference in solubility between various salts primarily alkali sulfates (Na 2SO 4 and K 2SO 4) and alkali chloride (NaCl & KCl) while ion exchange process uses ion selective resin which selectively absorb NaCl. Jul 24, 2023 · The ion exchange procedure is the most effective, low cost, and widely used option available in this group of treatments for a good reason. Each process train can produce up to 260 GPM of treated water that typically doesn’t require further polishing. Even though the charge of the resin is different, the exchange process remains unchanged. Although widely applied in industries its theory has not been completely understood and depends on the exchanger characteristics. Salt is added to recharge the system to keep it operating properly. These minerals leave behind soap scum and scale buildup, reducing the efficiency of appliances, clogging plumbing fixtures, and even impacting the Mar 5, 2025 · Applications. Mar 8, 2025 · The ion exchange is a process of filtering water through bead-like spherical resin materials that are called ion-exchange resins and the filter used in this process is called ion exchange water filter. 6 mm in diameter. The ion exchange water softening process can remove nearly all calcium and magnesium from source water. In the ion exchange process, the smaller sodium ions are used to coat an exchange medium in the softener. Oct 22, 2015 · Ion exchange is a stoichiometric phenomenon commonly used in water treatment as an end-of-pipe technique. Jan 1, 1982 · 213 ORGANIC FOULING OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS I. I do plenty of examples, including ICE chart Step 2. This process is slow. Increased pressure drop across the bed. The more common problems have the following symptoms: Loss of thruput capacity. Ion exchange effectively removes more than 90 per-cent of barium, cadmium, chromium (III), silver, radium, nitrites, selenium, arsenic (V), chromium (VI), and nitrate. Ion exchange and reverse osmosis are other methods that can be used alone or in combination with conventional silver recovery systems. Problem #3: Calculate the number of moles of Ag 2 CrO 4 that will dissolve in 1. Jan 28, 2025 · Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are permselective membranes that, in principle, only allow the flow of ions with a specific charge sign, opposite to that of the fixed membrane ionic groups (counter-ions). Anion Exchange Systems. M. K sp for Ag 2 CrO 4 = 9. Such process is highly influenced by mass transfer conditions and may be modeled by adsorption equations. Reduction in water quality. Hard water is riddled with dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium, which can wreak havoc in your home. The exchange of ions was different from true physical adsorption. Ion exchange design engineers take every precaution to guard against operating problems. In this discussion, we will delve into common reverse osmosis system problems such as expired service life, low-quality systems, production defects, and operational challenges, offering insights to help you address and prevent osmosis problems effectively. Apr 28, 2016 · Softening water remedies these problems, and the ion exchange method is one of the most common water softeners. 010 M K 2 CrO 4 solution. Sapkal and R. Customization of equipment design is available to meet site-specific needs. An ion exchange system will be installed at a municipal water treatment facility to remove nitrate from the raw water supply. Anything more than approximately 2 NTU is cause for concern and may affect long-term operation. 2005 Saturn ION Common Problems, Issues, Recalls, and Reliability. Ions in the water are exchanged with other ions that the beads contain. In this case, exchange the hardness ions (calcium and magnesium) for sodium (Na+) ions . Jan 1, 2024 · Sample preparation approaches need to consider the dominant feature of samples suitable for separation by ion-exchange chromatography. It provides details on selecting resins, regenerant levels, bed depths, and flow rates for softening and dealkalization. For increased IC column lifetime, always prepare eluents from deionized water (resistance over 18 MΩ -cm) and highest purity the ion exchange process: 1. The German chemist Eichorn, in 1858, proved Aug 24, 2022 · Here is another definition that avoids the problem: The common-ion effect is used to describe the effect on an existing equilibrium by the addition of a second substance that contains an ion common to the equilibrium. Nov 20, 2024 · Problems Encountered with Column Efficiency and Selectivity. This is a reversible process as the resin can be regenerated for reuse. The two most common ion-exchange methods are softening and deionization. POU for chlorine taste and ion exchange water softening are common treatments for aesthetic water problems, but some have suggested a “Final The Ion Exchange Process Softening is the process of ion exchange. Some problems will only occur after many years of operation, others are related to technical solutions and forced the manufacturer to issue a recall. Follow the chemistry line of logic — When regenerating resin, it is important to know how much salt it takes to do so. Jan 10, 2021 · By the presence of a common ion, the solubility of any sparingly soluble salt is always decreased. Ion exchange filters are highly effective at removing a wide range of contaminants from water, making them an ideal choice for many water filtration needs. If the water analysis varies according to season, plant performance should be re-assessed, and perhaps operating conditions re-adjusted, to reflect the seasonal variations. Feb 1, 2006 · Cation/anion Mixed Bed – The most common ion exchange system used in condensate polishing is a mixed bed of strong acid cation exchange resin and strong base anion exchange resin. W. Use HCl(aq) first to "clean" the column. A typical ion exchange unit is shown in Fig_29. S. Jul 26, 2023 · However, some specific ion exchange resins can selectively remove or exchange certain ions that may affect pH to a minor extent ion exchange process for water softening. Its product HSO4⁻ has a pKa of 1. When selecting an ion exchange system for water treatment, several factors should be considered: 1. What are the benefits of an Ion Exchange Water Filter? Ion exchange . 4. These system malfunctions also allow cooling water in the Common issues Some issues are common to all designs of ion exchange plant: • Sight glasses • Valve position indicators • Sampling/monitoring points • Analysis of purified water • Regeneration • Raw water quality COMMON ION EXCHANGE SYSTEM PROBLEMS What are they? How do you fix them? Ion exchange (IX) systems can be an efficient solution for various demineralization, purification, and wastewater treatment needs. Resinates offer benefits like increased stability, improved dissolution rates for poorly soluble drugs, elimination of issues with polymorphism and deliquescence. 4-0. Adding too much salt can mean wasted salt What are ion exchange resins? Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction where dissolved ions are removed from solution and replaced with other ions of the same or similar electrical charge. Feb 1, 2024 · Common ion effect - Introduction The Common Ion Effect (CIE) is founded on Le Chatelier's Principle, which governs the chemical equilibrium of salts as well as other weak electrolytes including associated ions in solutions. The exchange of ions in soils involved the exchange of equivalent ions. How Often Should The Resins Be Replaced? Jan 1, 2020 · Common-ion effect is a shift in chemical equilibrium, which affects solubility of solutes in a reacting system. On the posttreatment end, the water coming out of the ion exchange system will usually go directly to process or to a big holding tank (as required for refineries and big power plants, who typically store one to two days’ worth of water to avoid downtime), so the cost of that tank and any associated pumps will need to be factored in. The exchange medium can be natural “zeolites” or synthetic resin beads that resemble wet sand. In general, ion exchangers are either cation exchangers that exchange positively charged ions (cations) or anion exchangers that exchange negatively charged ions (anions). Jan 15, 2024 · Understanding Your Water Softener: A Foundation for Effective Maintenance To effectively maintain an ion exchange water softener, it's crucial to understand its basic components, how it works, and the benefits of soft water. This occurs according to Le Chatelier's principle, influencing the position of equilibrium in the dissolution process of the solute. This phenomenon is frequently employed to modify the solubilities of salts with weak electrolyte Ion exchange is a common water treatment process used by many industrial companies to remove contaminants from their wastewater streams. For more detailed information, visit www. More recently, its use in removing trace metallic impurities The principle of operation of the ion exchange system was that the first two ion exchangers acted as the main purifying exchangers. The problems usually result in poor effluent quality, decreased service run lengths, or increased consumption of regenerant. com track down the cause of Ion exchange plant problems: The diagrams cover: CATION – ANION – MIXED BED PLANT (With or without an intermediate degasser between cation/anion) However, to use these guides you need to have an understanding of how the plant should perform at each stage, and how ion exchange resins work and what is the sequencing While most operational problems with ion exchange systems are the result of mechanical failure or improper conditions of the ion exchange equipment and support systems, there are a number of process problems that can be more difficult to diagnose and correct. 00 L of 0. Water Quality Analysis The common ion effect refers to the phenomenon where the addition of an ion common to two solutes brings about a decrease in the solubility of one of the solutes. Ion exchange removes ions from the aqueous phase by the exchange of cations or anions between the contaminants and the exchange medium. Which protein present in the highest concentration in the mixture? Jul 26, 2023 · However, some specific ion exchange resins can selectively remove or exchange certain ions that may affect pH to a minor extent ion exchange process for water softening. 1. Not a chemical reactant in and of itself, IX resin is instead a physical medium that facilitates ion exchange reactions. 92 which should then dissociate partially into SO4²⁻ and H⁺. B) Then, having checked that the pH is low with pH paper, rinse at least 2 more times with RO water to ensure the eluate have neutral pH. Jul 13, 2017 · Ion exchange has traditionally been employed for water purification and the removal of metal contaminants from dilute waste streams. Result: Purified water exits the system. See also a detailed description of the water analysis, with the concentration units to use and a table of the most common ions in water. Because of the common ion effect. 0 x 10-12. If you fail to pay attention to the following problems during use, it will lead to ion exchange resin breakage, thus reducing the service life of the resin. This document provides help information for Purolite's ion exchange design calculation program. All these processes remove the 'Cl' and Feb 8, 2025 · Ion exchange chromatography (IEX) is an important analytical technique for the characterization of biotechnology-derived products, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and more recently, cell and gene therapy products such as messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). In the range of 0. Ion exchange process is a centuries-old technique that has been documented in the literature for over a century. com or contact the closest Purolite regional office listed on the back cover. Solution: 1) Concentration of dichromate ion from potassium chromate: In the water treatment system, a large amount of ion exchange resin will be used in the softener tanks and mixed resin beds. If you want a salt-free solution, we recommend the Kind Water E-2000 or the SpringWell FS1, which has a similar capacity to the SpringWell SS1 but doesn’t require salt. 3 generally has no problem with long-term fouling of ion exchange resins due to a build-up of dirt. Moreover, competitive systems may add complexity and See also the pages about capacity, ion exchange columns, description of a full cycle, and principles of plant design. Reverse Osmosis: Choosing the Best Treatment System for Your Needs; Does Your Facility Need an Ion Exchange System? Common Ion Exchange System Problems and How to Fix Them; What is an Ion Exchange System and How May 23, 2023 · The ion exchange systems are of different designs that address different water quality problems. Reverse Osmosis: Choosing the Best Treatment System for Your Needs; Does Your Facility Need an Ion Exchange System? Common Ion Exchange System Problems and How to Fix Them; What is an Ion Exchange System and How common ion exchange system problems As in any dynamic operating system incorporating electrical and mechanical equipment and chemical operations, problems do occur in ion exchange systems. Gaikwad1, V. FAQs About Ion Exchange Water Treatment Systems 1. The goal Ion exchange systems can also play a role in environmental cleanup efforts. Posttreatment. Mobile phase ions with the same sign as the fixed charge ions are called co-ions, and those with an opposite charge are called counter-ions. As hard water passes through a Dow offers various ion exchange systems and resins, including their ADVANCED AMBERPACK™, a pre-engineered ion exchange system designed to yield high-quality water while minimizing waste. What Is The Lifespan Of An Ion Exchange System? The lifespan of an ion exchange water treatment system depends on factors like water quality, usage, and maintenance. The additional product that throws the system out of balance comes from a common ion from a strong acid, strong base, or soluble salt. It can also be used to maintain a stable pH in biological and chemical buffer systems. Ion Transfer: Undesirable ions in the water are attracted to the resin. Typically, resins last 5 to 10 years, but regular regeneration can extend their life. This article will offer insight into the key conditions and issues that compromise the overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness of IX systems, as well as some useful strategies for correcting IX problems. S. The solubility has to be calculated by the solubility product. Aug 15, 2024 · In this lecture for General Chemistry we describe the common ion effect and how it affects acid-base equilibria. More specifically though, the common-ion effect applies to aqueous solutions of weak acids and bases, as well as sparingly soluble salts. swf. Jun 21, 2021 · For such mixtures, specially if the solutes have a common ion, a different calculation must be done. The calcium and magnesium, along with the remaining brine, is then drained into the wastewater system.
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